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中华肥胖与代谢病电子杂志 ›› 2021, Vol. 07 ›› Issue (04) : 211 -226. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-9605.2021.04.001

所属专题: 指南共识

指南与共识

基于临床的肥胖症多学科诊疗共识(2021年版)
中华医学会内分泌学分会, 中华中医药学会糖尿病分会, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肥胖和糖尿病外科医师委员会, 中国研究型医院学会糖尿病与肥胖外科专业委员会   
  1. 1. 山东第一医科大学附属省立医院内分泌科,济南 250021
    2. 上海中医药大学附属曙光医院内分泌科 201203
    3. 同济大学附属第十人民医院内分泌代谢中心减重糖尿病代谢外科国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心,上海 200072
  • 收稿日期:2021-08-28 出版日期:2021-11-30

Multidisciplinary clinical consensus on diagnosis and treatment of obesity (2021 edition).

Chinese Society of Endocrinology;, Diabetes Society of China Association of Chinese Medicine;, Chinese Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery;, Chinese Society of Diabetes and Bariatric Surgery, Chinese Association of Research Hospitals   

  1. 1. Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
    2. Department of Endocrinology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
    3. Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, Division of Metabolic Surgery for Obesity and Diabetes, National Metabolic Management Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
  • Received:2021-08-28 Published:2021-11-30
引用本文:

中华医学会内分泌学分会, 中华中医药学会糖尿病分会, 中国医师协会外科医师分会肥胖和糖尿病外科医师委员会, 中国研究型医院学会糖尿病与肥胖外科专业委员会. 基于临床的肥胖症多学科诊疗共识(2021年版)[J]. 中华肥胖与代谢病电子杂志, 2021, 07(04): 211-226.

Chinese Society of Endocrinology;, Diabetes Society of China Association of Chinese Medicine;, Chinese Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery;, Chinese Society of Diabetes and Bariatric Surgery, Chinese Association of Research Hospitals. Multidisciplinary clinical consensus on diagnosis and treatment of obesity (2021 edition).[J]. Chinese Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases(Electronic Edition), 2021, 07(04): 211-226.

中国超重与肥胖患者人数已位居全球第一,特别是儿童肥胖人数更不容忽视。肥胖症的病因和发生发展机制尚不明确,且减重后极易反弹。因此,需要运用多重干预手段和联合治疗方法,以阻止肥胖症的发生发展。饮食、运动、生活方式及心理干预、中西医治疗、以及减重代谢手术等,都是治疗肥胖症的有效手段。目前国内外关于肥胖症的专家共识,多为单学科或双学科共识,且集中于营养及外科手术。然而,需要认识到肥胖是一种慢性疾病,需要终生管理。我们急需制订基于临床的多学科共识,以减少对该疾病诊断与治疗的单学科偏颇。为此,本共识邀请内分泌学、减重外科学、中医药学、营养学、运动医学及心理学等多领域专家共同制订,以期从多学科角度更新优化肥胖症的诊断与治疗观念。期望对肥胖患者进行中心化管理和个体化治疗,以达到改善代谢紊乱和预防肥胖并发症的最终目的。

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in China has reached the top globally, especially for children. The etiology and progression of obesity are still unknown, and the relapse of obesity after weight loss is unavoidable. Therefore, multiple interventions and combined therapy are needed to prevent the incidence and development of obesity. Nutrition therapy, activity modification, lifestyle change, psychology therapy, traditional Chinese medicine, as well as bariatric surgery are effective methods for the treatment of obesity. Current domestic or foreign consensus on obesity are only single or double disciplines guided, and focused only on nutrition or surgery. We should realize that obesity is a complex disease and should be treated over lifetime, and multidisciplinary clinical consensus should be made to exclude particular bias induced by single discipline. Thus, we invited experts in endocrinology, bariatric surgery, traditional Chinese medicine, nutrition, sports medicine, and psychology to write and revise the current multidisciplinary consensus. We hope this consensus could update and improve the diagnosis and treatment of obesity from an interdisciplinary perspective. The management of patients with obesity should be centralized and the treatment should be personalized for the improvement of individual metabolic disorders and comorbidities.

表1 减重特殊膳食治疗常用方案[30,31,32]
减重膳食种类 简要组成 适用人群 作用
限能量平衡饮食 是一类在限制能量摄入的同时保证基本营养需求的膳食模式,其宏量营养素的供能比例应符合平衡膳食的要求 各类人群 (1)显著降低体质量、脂肪量及动脉粥样硬化发生的风险;(2)改善血脂及胰岛素抵抗;(3)延长寿命、延迟衰老
低能量膳食 适量减少脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入,将正常自由进食的能量减去30%~50%的膳食模式。通常需要在医师指导下进行 需要减轻体质量者,如单纯性肥胖;为控制病情减少机体代谢负担的病人,如糖尿病、心血管疾病等 短期内有效降低体质量,改善糖脂代谢
极低能量膳食 通常指每天只摄入400~800 kcal能量,主要来自蛋白质,而脂肪和碳水化合物的摄入受到严格限制 重度肥胖病人术前快速减重治疗或逆转肥胖的初发2型糖尿病 短期内有效降低体质量,改善糖脂代谢
轻断食模式 也称间歇式断食,一类采用5+2模式,即一周中5 d相对正常进食,其他2 d(非连续)则摄取平常的1/4能量(女性约500 kcal/d,男性约600 kcal/d)的膳食模式 超重人群 (1)减肥减重;(2)调节血糖血脂;(3)改善胰岛素敏感性;(4)延缓衰老;(5)改善肠道微生物群环境;(6)减少患癌风险
地中海饮食[33] 特点是多摄入蔬菜、水果、橄榄油、豆类、全谷类食品、坚果,适量摄入红酒,少量食用精加工食品、乳制品、红肉及植物油 适合各类人群长期使用 降低心血管疾病、帕金森综合征、阿尔茨海默病及糖尿病的发生率,降低恶性肿瘤的死亡率
江南饮食 以米类为主食,新鲜蔬菜水果摄入量充足;动物性食物以猪肉和鱼虾类为主,鱼虾类摄入相对较高,猪肉摄入量低,少油少盐 各类人群 利于体质量管理和心血管代谢性疾病的防控、代谢获益
高蛋白饮食[34] 一类每天蛋白质摄入量>每天总能量的20%或1.5 g/(kg·d),但一般≤每天总能量的30%或2.0 g/(kg·d)的膳食模式 伴有高甘油三酯、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症或因肥胖导致并发症需要短期内快速减肥的人 有助于降低体质量、减体质量后的维持、防止体质量反弹
低碳水化合物饮食[34] 目前国内外尚无其供能比的统一标准,一般为20%~40% 肥胖、超重人群、心脏代谢性疾病风险人群如2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝病人。还被用于精神运动紊乱、肿瘤病人及运动人群 低碳水化合物饮食在快速降低体质量上,优于其他饮食方法。短期应用效果确切,不良反应远远少于药物,卫生经济学效益显著,节省医疗费用
低脂饮食[34] 目前尚无统一的低脂膳食定义,但通常指每天膳食总脂肪占膳食总热量的30%以下或者全天脂肪摄入量<50 g BMI≥24 kg/m2的超重或肥胖人群 (1)摄入热量少;(2)低热量饮食下易动员脂肪;(3)短时间体质量有效下降
素食饮食 指食物中不包含肉类、家禽和鱼类的膳食模式。根据是否进食蛋类及奶制品,素食人群可进一步区分为严格素食、奶素、蛋素和蛋奶素 糖尿病、肥胖病人 有助于降低肥胖、糖尿病、肠癌、骨质疏松等代谢性疾病的发病风险,对延缓病程进展大有助益
代餐[35] 市场有售以液体、粉末或小吃等形式食物代替1天中1~2顿餐,但至少有1餐食用正常食物,用来限制能量摄入的富含矿物质和维生素的非处方产品 超重、肥胖病人 不仅能有效降低超重和(或)肥胖病人的食欲、控制能量密度,还能防止饮食摄入控制过程中必需营养素缺乏。代餐依从性较好,有助于维持长期减重效果,甚至改变饮食行为习惯
表2 减重运动处方示例
表3 已上市的减重药物
药物名称 药理机制 推荐剂量 用法 1年减重幅度 不良反应及注意事项
奥利司他[61] 特异性胃肠道脂肪酶抑制剂,通过抑制胃肠道的脂肪酶和胰酶,减少肠腔黏膜对脂肪的吸收 120 mg每天3次,随餐服用 口服 2.9~3.6 kg 脂肪便、脂肪泻、腹痛、腹胀、肛门排气增多和大便失禁等,多于治疗后1周内出现,随着用药时间延长,可逐渐耐受,治疗3个月后,发生率明显降低。影响脂溶性维生素(维生素A、D、E)等吸收,需补充复合维生素。中国食品药品监督管理局(CFDA)已批准
利拉鲁肽 胰升糖素样肽受体激动剂,作用于下丘脑,增加饱食信号、减少饥饿信号,延迟胃排空、减少胃酸分泌,起到减重作用 起始:0.6 mg每天1次
最大:3.0 mg每天1次
皮下注射 4.8~8.4 kg 恶心、腹泻、便秘、呕吐、消化不良、腹痛,目前CFDA仅批准用于2型糖尿病的治疗,未批准用于肥胖症的治疗
芬特明/托吡酯 芬特明是拟交感神经胺类厌食药物,促进下丘脑释放儿茶酚胺,通过减少食欲减重。托吡酯可增强γ-氨基丁酸神经递质活性、调节电压门控离子通道、抑制兴奋性谷氨酸受体或碳酸酐酶,抑制食欲和增强饱腹感 起始:3.75 mg/23 mg每天1次
最大:15 mg/92 mg每天1次
口服 8~12.6 kg 心率加快、自杀倾向、急性闭角性青光眼、情感和睡眠障碍、认知损伤等。由于芬特明/托吡酯会导致心率加快,故禁用于甲状腺功能亢进及心血管疾病的病人。突然停用托吡酯可引起抽搐,若减重效果不满意,应逐渐停药。CFDA未批准用于肥胖症的治疗
纳曲酮/安非他酮[62] 安非他酮是去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺、多巴胺再摄取的弱抑制剂,可增加大脑中特定受体的多巴胺水平,抑制食欲。纳曲酮是阿片样受体拮抗剂,两种药物协同抑制下丘脑饥饿中枢,减少食物摄入 起始:8 mg/90 mg每天1次
最大:16 mg/180 mg每天2次
口服 3.9~5.9 kg 恶心、头痛、便秘、头晕、呕吐、口干、血压升高、心率加快等。禁用于未控制的高血压病人。CFDA未批准用于肥胖症的治疗
Setmelanotide 为黑皮质素4受体激动剂(melanocortin 4 receptor agonists,MC4RA)。MC4R基因变可导致食欲过盛和早发严重肥胖。Setmelanotide可恢复MC4R通路的功能,减少病人的饥饿感、降低体质量[63]       目前FDA仅批准用于前阿片黑素细胞皮质激素、前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/kexin 1型或瘦素受体缺陷等罕见遗传性肥胖的减重治疗。CFDA未批准上市
表4 肥胖症的中医辨证论治
辨证分型 典型症状及舌脉 治则治法 推荐方药 推荐中成药 常用药物 随证加减
胃热滞脾证 多食,消谷善饥,形体肥胖,脘腹胀满,面色红润,心烦头昏,口干口苦,胃脘灼痛嘈杂,得食则缓,舌红苔黄腻,脉弦滑 清胃泻火,佐以消导 小承气汤合保和丸加减 麻仁丸、保和丸 大黄、连翘、黄连、枳实、厚朴、山楂、神曲、莱菔子、陈皮,半夏、茯苓等 烦躁易怒,口苦者,可加柴胡,黄芩,栀子
痰湿内盛证 形盛体胖,身体重着,肢体困倦,胸膈痞满,痰涎壅盛,头晕目眩,口干而不欲饮,食肥甘醇酒,神疲嗜卧。苔白腻或白滑,脉滑 燥湿化痰,理气消痞 导痰汤加减 五苓散、香砂胃苓丸 半夏,制南星,生姜、橘红、枳实、冬瓜皮,泽泻、决明子、莱菔子、白术、茯苓等 纳少便秘,舌红苔黄,脉滑数,可酌加竹茹、浙贝母,黄芩、黄连、瓜蒌仁等;舌暗或有瘀斑者,可酌加赤芍,桃仁、红花、丹参、泽兰等
脾虚不运证 肥胖臃肿,神疲乏力,身体困重,胸闷脘胀,四肢轻度浮肿,晨轻暮重,劳累后明显,饮食如常或偏少,既往多有暴饮暴食史,小便不利,便溏或便秘,舌淡胖,边有齿印,苔薄白或白腻,脉濡细 健脾益气,渗利水湿 参苓白术散合防己黄芪汤加减 资生丸、参苓白术散 党参、黄芪、茯苓、白术、山药,扁豆、薏苡仁,莲子肉、陈皮,砂仁、防己、猪苓,泽泻、车前子等。 肢体肿胀明显者,加大腹皮、桑白皮,木瓜;腹胀便溏者,加厚朴,陈皮,广木香;腹中畏寒者,加肉桂、干姜
脾肾阳虚证 形体肥胖,颜面虚浮,神疲嗜卧,气短乏力,腹胀便溏,自汗气喘,动则更甚,畏寒肢冷,下肢浮肿,尿昼少夜频,舌淡胖,苔薄白,脉沉细 温补脾肾,利水化饮 真武汤合苓桂术甘汤加减 金匮肾气丸、桂枝茯苓丸 附子、桂枝、茯苓、白术、白芍、生姜 气短,自汗者,加人参、黄芪;尿少浮肿者,加或泽泻、猪苓、大腹皮;畏寒肢冷者,加补骨脂、仙茅、仙灵脾、益智仁,并酌加肉桂、附子
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